02/06/2020
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi was born in Ajdir, and he is affiliated to the Bani and Raigil tribe, and his father Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi was the tribal judge. The rhetorical family was known for the scientific and political status of its men, who held leadership and judicial positions in the central and western countryside. Muhammad received his initial education of memorizing the Qur’an and religious teachings in Ijdir, before he moved to study in the city of Tetouan and then the school of the Attarin in Fez [4], then he moved to the city of Melilla where he obtained the Spanish baccalaureate diploma. He then moved to study at the University of Al-Karaouine in Fez, where he was a student at the hands of a group of religious and political scholars such as Abdul Samad bin Al-Tohami, Muhammad bin Al-Tohami and Muhammad bin Jaafar Al-Kattani. [5] During his studies in Fez, he was assigned by his father to a political mission to Sultan Abdul Aziz in 1908, in which he expressed the support of Bani and Riaglal to fight the Gelali bin Idris Al-Zerhouni Bouahmarah who threatened the unity of the Moroccan entity prior to the colonial period at the instigation of French and Spanish colonial ambitions in Morocco, in a political circumstance Difficult in the history of Morocco. [4] [6] The end of his university career was in the Spanish city of Salamanca, where he studied Spanish law at her university for three years.
The beginning of the career of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi was in Melilla, where he practiced the teaching profession for the benefit of the Muslim population, between 1907 and 1913. [6] His university training and setting in the Spanish language, in addition to the local Arabic and Berber languages, enabled him to work as a translator and a writer in the Central Administration for Private Affairs in Melilla [5], in 1910. He also worked in parallel with a journalist in the Spanish-speaking Telegrama del Reeve (between 1907 and 1915), [6] where A daily column is devoted to him in Arabic. [5] Like his father, he was appointed as a judge in 1913, then in 1914 he was promoted to the position of judge judge, with an honorable full-back and by order of the Spanish Resident-General at the age of 32 years. He was ranked highest in the judiciary for the Muslim population of Melilla. In the same year, he was also appointed as a teacher at the Academy of Arabic and Rural Languages at the School of Civil Affairs in Melilla. [5]
Historians agree that Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi was, up to this stage, a believer in peaceful coexistence with the colonizer [7], and with a respectable position with the colonial authorities and infer that on the jobs he held in the education and judiciary wings, but his journalistic writings had a positive line towards the conquest of Spain For educational schools for the benefit of the Muslim Melilla population, and even called for Spanish citizenship twice, was unsuccessful [8]. As for the main turning point in his political awareness and his plan towards Moroccan-Spanish and French relations, he will be affected by two main events:
Imprisonment in 1915: which was the result of his sympathy for Germany during the First World War. The prison came at the instigation of the French authorities, whose political influence extended to the end of the Spanish protection zone in northern Morocco, and which accused Mohamed bin Abdel Karim of communicating with Germany. Al-Khattabi was imprisoned in Rostrogrordo prison in Melilla, and tried to escape many times, to no avail, and broke his legs in one of these attempts. He remained in prison for 11 months before being released and returning to practice the legal profession in Melilla.
At this stage, Al-Khattabi generated awareness and a sense of the social and political persecution that colonialism was generating among Moroccans, and began to link relations with opponents of colonial presence in Morocco, in the Spanish and French regions. [7]
The second major event is especially evident in the transfer of Spanish colonialism to the stage of deep pe*******on, which was based on major bases in the northern Moroccan coasts, immediately after the end of the First World War, by intensifying the military presence, deploying 63,000 soldiers and expanding the military sites along the northern Morocco . This was met with strong opposition from the tribal elders, headed by Abdul Karim al-Khattabi (the father), whose approach to colonialism moved from positive neutrality to rejection and collision, passing through a phase in which the Spanish authorities called for the path of French protection in their regions, by aligning the colonial administrative structure with The Moroccan environment, as can be termed in historical sources as a protection regime.
The political scene in the countryside was complicated at that point, and was marked by Spanish-French-German competition, whether on the level of intelligence work [4] or by soliciting the Moroccan parties (Kalal al-Khattabi) in favor of this or that colonial project.
The relationship between Al-Khattabi and the Spanish administration gradually shifted from coexistence to estrangement. Judge Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi (father) was the first to organize rural resistance in 1920, with the help of his sons Mohand and Muhammad (who cut out engineering studies in Spain to join his father and brother in 1920). The appointment of General Silvestri as Spain’s military governor in the Spanish protection zone in Morocco has had an accelerating effect of this transformation, due to his pure military approach, which governed his diplomatic moves and political decisions. [7]
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