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24/09/2025

What is the Difference Between Performance and Efficiency?

* **Performance** = How effectively a machine, system, or worker **achieves the desired goal/output** (speed, accuracy, quality).
* **Efficiency** = How much **resources (time, energy, labor, cost, materials)** are consumed to achieve that goal.

👉 Example:

* A sewing machine can stitch **100 shirts per day** (high performance).
* But if it wastes a lot of thread and electricity, its **efficiency is low**.
* A machine that makes **90 shirts per day using less thread, power, and operator time** may actually be **more efficient** even if performance is slightly lower.

✅ To improve both, you must analyze:

1. Worker’s skill & motivation.
2. Machine speed & maintenance.
3. Quality of raw materials.
4. Working conditions & method.

* **āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢāϰāĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏ (Performance)** = āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāύ, āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž **āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ/āφāωāϟāĻĒ⧁āϟ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇** (āĻ—āϤāĻŋ, āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€)āĨ¤
* **āĻāĻĢāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāĻŋ (Efficiency)** = āϏ⧇āχ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ⧇ āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž **āϰāĻŋāϏ⧋āĻ°ā§āϏ (āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻļā§āϰāĻŽ, āĻ–āϰāϚ, āωāĻĒāĻ•āϰāĻŖ)** āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

👉 āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

* āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧇āϞāĻžāχ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāύ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ **ā§§ā§Ļā§ĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟ āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇** → āĻāϰ **āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢāϰāĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ**āĨ¤
* āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϚ⧁āϰ āϏ⧁āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāϝāĻŧ → āĻāϰ **āĻāĻĢāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽ**āĨ¤
* āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāύ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ **⧝ā§ĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟ āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇**, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ•āĻŽ āϏ⧁āϤāĻž, āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž, āφāϰ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ–āϰāĻšā§‡ → āĻāϰ **āĻāĻĢāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāĻŋ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ**āĨ¤

✅ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢāϰāĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻ“ āĻāĻĢāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹āχ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇:

1. āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϰ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻ“ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĨ¤
2. āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāύ⧇āϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĨ¤
3. āĻ•āĻžāρāϚāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāĨ¤
4. āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĨ¤

24/09/2025

**Standard Data**
**In English:**

**Standard Data** is a **work measurement technique** where the time required for a job is determined using **previously established time values** for similar job elements.

Instead of conducting a new time study or PMTS for every job, companies build a **database of standard times** (for common operations). When a new job comes up, they use these stored data to estimate the **Standard Time**.

**Key Features of Standard Data:**

* Uses previously collected time study or PMTS results.
* Saves time and cost by avoiding repeated studies.
* Mainly useful for jobs with repetitive or similar operations.

**Objectives of Standard Data:**

1. To quickly determine standard time for new jobs.
2. To save the cost and effort of fresh time studies.
3. To ensure consistency in work measurement.
4. To support production planning, line balancing, and costing.
5. To prepare accurate wage and incentive plans.

**Applications of Standard Data:**

* Garments industry (e.g., button attaching, pocket making, collar joining).
* Assembly line industries.
* Cost estimation in product development.
* Standard Allowed Minute (SAM) calculation.

**āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ:**

**āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž (Standard Data)** āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ **āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŽā§‡āϜāĻžāϰāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ**, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āϤ **āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž PMTS-āĻāϰ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž** āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āϏ⧇āϞāĻžāχ, āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋāĻ‚, āĻŦāĻžāϟāύ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžāύ⧋) āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ **āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻžāĻŦ⧇āϏ** āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āĨ¤ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻāϞ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

**āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ:**

* āφāϗ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
* āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
* āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰāĨ¤

**āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ:**

1. āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
2. āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāϰ āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāρāϚāĻžāύ⧋āĨ¤
3. āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŽā§‡āϜāĻžāϰāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
4. āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž, āϞāĻžāχāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ“ āĻ–āϰāϚ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
5. āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāϜ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻ“ āχāύāϏ⧇āύāϟāĻŋāĻ­ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

**āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:**

* āĻ—āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāϏ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: āĻŦāĻžāϟāύ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžāύ⧋, āĻĒāϕ⧇āϟ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ, āĻ•āϞāĻžāϰ āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž)āĨ¤
* āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϞāĻŋ āϞāĻžāχāύ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
* āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύāĨ¤
* **SAM (Standard Allowed Minutes)** āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

24/09/2025

**Predetermined Motion Time Study (PMTS)**
**In English:**

**Predetermined Motion Time Study (PMTS)** is a **work measurement technique** in which the time required to perform a job is established in advance, based on **predetermined standard times for basic human motions** (like reach, grasp, move, position, release).

Unlike **Time Study** (where a stopwatch is used), PMTS does not require direct observation of the actual job. Instead, it uses data from motion libraries (such as **MTM – Methods-Time Measurement**, or **MOST – Maynard Operation Sequence Technique**) to calculate the **standard time**.

**Key Features of PMTS:**

* Breaks jobs into **basic motions** (reach, move, grasp, release, etc.).
* Each motion has a **predetermined time value**.
* Standard Time = Sum of all motion times + Allowances.
* No need for stopwatches; can be done at the planning/design stage.

**Objectives of PMTS:**

1. To set accurate standard times without direct observation.
2. To evaluate new methods before they are implemented.
3. To improve productivity and cost estimation.
4. To design fair wage and incentive systems.
5. To reduce dependency on time study observers.

**Applications of PMTS:**

* Garments industry (sewing operations).
* Assembly line balancing.
* Setting SAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) in apparel production.
* Cost estimation in mass production industries.

- **āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ:**

**āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰāĻŽāĻŋāύāĻĄ āĻŽā§‹āĻļāύ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ (PMTS)** āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ **āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŽā§‡āϜāĻžāϰāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ**, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž āφāϗ⧇ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϕ⧇ āϛ⧋āϟ āϛ⧋āϟ **āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϚāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ (motions)** āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧋, āϧāϰāĻž, āϏāϰāĻžāύ⧋, āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧋, āϛ⧇āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž), āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āύāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϚāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧁ (time value) āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

āĻāϟāĻŋ **āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āύāϝāĻŧ**, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ **āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻžāĻŦ⧇āϏ/āĻŽā§‹āĻļāύ āϞāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϰ⧇āϰāĻŋ** (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ **MTM – Methods-Time Measurement**, āĻŦāĻž **MOST – Maynard Operation Sequence Technique**) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

**PMTS-āĻāϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ:**

* āĻ•āĻžāϜāϕ⧇ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϚāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
* āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āύāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϚāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
* **āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ = āϏāĻŦ āύāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϚāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻĢāϞ + āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āϏ**āĨ¤
* āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻĒāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻžāχāύ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻœā§‡āχ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

**PMTS-āĻāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ:**

1. āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāχ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
2. āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
3. āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻ–āϰāϚ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
4. āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻŽāϜ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻ“ āχāύāϏ⧇āύāϟāĻŋāĻ­ āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
5. āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāϜāĻžāϰāĻ­āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāϤāĻž āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋āĨ¤

**PMTS-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:**

* āĻ—āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāϏ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϤ⧇ (āϏ⧇āϞāĻžāχ āĻ…āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĻļāύ)āĨ¤
* āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϞāĻŋ āϞāĻžāχāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ (Line Balancing)āĨ¤
* **SAM (Standard Allowed Minutes)** āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
* āĻŦ⧃āĻšā§Ž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ⧇ āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύāĨ¤

24/09/2025

**Work Sampling**
**In English:**

**Work Sampling** is a **work measurement technique** used to estimate the proportion of time spent on different activities of a job by making a large number of **random observations** at different times.

Instead of continuously observing like in **Time Study**, here the worker is observed at **random intervals**, and activities are noted. By analyzing this data, we can estimate how much time is spent on productive work, idle time, and other activities.

**Objectives of Work Sampling:**

1. To determine the percentage of time spent on different activities.
2. To measure utilization of machines and workers.
3. To identify and reduce idle time.
4. To set standards for indirect work (where stopwatch study is difficult).
5. To improve productivity and resource planning.

**Steps of Work Sampling:**

1. **Select** – Define the job, process, or machine to study.
2. **Define Activities** – Classify activities into categories (e.g., working, waiting, idle).
3. **Plan Observations** – Decide the number and timing of random observations.
4. **Collect Data** – Visit the workplace at random times and record the activity.
5. **Analyze** – Calculate the proportion of time spent in each activity.
$Percentage \ of \ Activity = \frac{Number \ of \ Observations \ of \ Activity}{Total \ Observations} × 100
6. **Interpret & Apply** – Use results for planning, productivity improvement, and standard setting.

**āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ:**

**āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ‚ (Work Sampling)** āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ **āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŽā§‡āϜāĻžāϰāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ**, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāϞ⧋āĻŽā§‡āϞ⧋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ (Random Intervals) āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāύ āĻ•āϤ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ **āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž**, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

**āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ:**

1. āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇ āĻ•āϤ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
2. āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻž (Utilization) āĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĨ¤
3. āĻ…āϞāϏ (Idle) āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋āĨ¤
4. āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻĒāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϚ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻž āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ, āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
5. āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

**āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āϧāĻžāĻĒāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš:**

1. **Select (āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ)** – āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāύ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻŦ⧇āϛ⧇ āύ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
2. **Define Activities (āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϞāĻžāĻĒ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ)** – āĻ•āĻžāϜāϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇, āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇, āĻ…āϞāϏ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāϛ⧇)āĨ¤
3. **Plan Observations (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž)** – āĻ•āϤāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ–āύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
4. **Collect Data (āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻš)** – āĻāϞ⧋āĻŽā§‡āϞ⧋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϞāĻžāĻĒ āύāĻĨāĻŋāϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
5. **Analyze (āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ)** – āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
$āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϞāĻžāĻĒ⧇āϰ \ āĻļāϤāĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻžāϰ = \frac{āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϞāĻžāĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž}{āĻŽā§‹āϟ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž} × 100
6. **Interpret & Apply (āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž)** – āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

22/09/2025

**Time Study**
**In English:**

**Time Study** is a work measurement technique used to determine the **standard time** required for a qualified worker to perform a specific task under defined working conditions. It is usually done with a **stopwatch** and by observing the worker’s performance.

**Objectives of Time Study:**

1. To determine the standard time for a job.
2. To set fair wages and incentive schemes.
3. To identify and eliminate unnecessary delays.
4. To improve production planning and control.
5. To balance the workload among workers.

**Steps in Time Study:**

1. **Select** – Choose the job or operation to be studied.
2. **Record** – Note down details of the job, tools, machine, and operator.
3. **Divide** – Break the job into smaller elements (e.g., pick up, stitch, cut).
4. **Observe & Record Time** – Use a stopwatch to measure the time for each element.
5. **Assess Rating** – Judge the worker’s speed/performance compared to normal (called *performance rating*).
6. **Calculate Normal Time** –
$Normal Time = Observed Time × Rating Factor$
7. **Add Allowances** – Include allowances for rest, fatigue, personal needs, etc.
8. **Standard Time** –
$Standard Time = Normal Time + Allowances$

**āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ:**

**āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ (Time Study)** āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŽā§‡āϜāĻžāϰāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ•āϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āύ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻĒāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϚ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ **āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ** āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

**āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ:**

1. āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
2. āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻŽāϜ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻ“ āχāύāϏ⧇āύāϟāĻŋāĻ­ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
3. āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋ āĻļāύāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
4. āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧋āϞ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
5. āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

**āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāϰ āϧāĻžāĻĒāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš:**

1. **Select (āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ)** – āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ/āĻ…āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĻļāύ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
2. **Record (āύāĻĨāĻŋāϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ)** – āĻ•āĻžāϜ, āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ, āϟ⧁āϞāϏ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
3. **Divide (āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž)** – āĻ•āĻžāϜāϕ⧇ āϛ⧋āϟ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: āĻ•āĻžāĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ āϧāϰāĻž, āϏ⧇āϞāĻžāχ, āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻž) āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
4. **Observe & Record Time (āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ)** – āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻĒāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϚ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĨ¤
5. **Assess Rating (āϰ⧇āϟāĻŋāĻ‚ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ)** – āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ/āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
6. **Calculate Normal Time (āύāϰāĻŽāĻžāϞ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ)** –
$āύāϰāĻŽāĻžāϞ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ = āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ × āϰ⧇āϟāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĢā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϟāϰ$
7. **Add Allowances (āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āϏ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž)** – āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ, āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
8. **Standard Time (āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ)** –
$āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ = āύāϰāĻŽāĻžāϞ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ + āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āϏ$

22/09/2025

**Work Measurement**

**Work Measurement** is a part of Work Study that deals with determining the **time required by a qualified worker to complete a job at a defined level of performance**.
It helps to set **standard time**, improve planning, control production, and calculate labor cost.

**Objectives of Work Measurement:**

1. To establish standard time for a job.
2. To improve production planning and control.
3. To determine fair wages and incentives.
4. To identify unproductive time.
5. To increase productivity by eliminating delays.

**Techniques of Work Measurement:**

1. **Time Study** – Using a stopwatch to record time taken by workers.
2. **Work Sampling** – Observing at random intervals to estimate time spent on activities.
3. **Predetermined Motion Time System (PMTS)** – Using pre-calculated standard times for basic motions (e.g., MTM, MOST).
4. **Standard Data** – Using previously collected data for similar jobs.
5. **Synthesis Method** – Combining elements of jobs from past time studies.

**āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ:**

**āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŽā§‡āϜāĻžāϰāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ (Work Measurement)** āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ•āϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āύ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ **āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ** āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž, āĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ–āϰāϚ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧋āϞ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĨ¤

**āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŽā§‡āϜāĻžāϰāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ:**

1. āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
2. āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ“ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
3. āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻŽāϜ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻ“ āχāύāϏ⧇āύāϟāĻŋāĻ­ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
4. āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻļāύāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
5. āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

**āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŽā§‡āϜāĻžāϰāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ:**

1. **āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ (Time Study)** – āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻĒāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϚ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
2. **āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ‚ (Work Sampling)** – āĻāϞ⧋āĻŽā§‡āϞ⧋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϧāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĨ¤
3. **āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰāĻŽāĻŋāύāĻĄ āĻŽā§‹āĻļāύ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽ (PMTS)** – āφāϗ⧇āχ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ MTM, MOST)āĨ¤
4. **āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž (Standard Data)** – āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āϤ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
5. **āϏāĻŋāύāĻĨ⧇āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻŽā§‡āĻĨāĻĄ (Synthesis Method)** – āφāϗ⧇āϰ āϟāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

22/09/2025

**Method Study**

**Method Study** is a part of Work Study that deals with finding the best possible method* of doing a job. It is the systematic recording and critical examination of the existing method of doing work, in order to develop and apply easier, safer, and more efficient methods.

**Objectives of Method Study:**

1. Simplify the work.
2. Reduce unnecessary movements.
3. Save time and cost.
4. Improve worker safety and comfort.
5. Increase productivity and efficiency.

**Steps of Method Study (Basic Procedure):**

1. **Select** – Choose the work/process to be studied.
2. **Record** – Collect facts about the present method (using flow process charts, diagrams, etc.).
3. **Examine** – Critically analyze the existing method.
4. **Develop** – Find a better method by eliminating waste.
5. **Evaluate** – Compare new method with the old one.
6. **Define** – Set the standard method.
7. **Install** – Apply the new method.
8. **Maintain** – Ensure the method is followed and improved continuously.
**āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ:**

**āĻŽā§‡āĻĨāĻĄ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ (Method Study)** āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ *āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŽ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ* āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āύāĻĨāĻŋāϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻšāϜ, āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋ āϘāϟāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

**āĻŽā§‡āĻĨāĻĄ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ:**

1. āĻ•āĻžāϜāϕ⧇ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
2. āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āύāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϚāĻĄāĻŧāĻž/āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋āĨ¤
3. āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻŦāĻžāρāϚāĻžāύ⧋āĨ¤
4. āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āĻ“ āφāϰāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
5. āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧋āĨ¤

**āĻŽā§‡āĻĨāĻĄ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāϰ āϧāĻžāĻĒāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš:**

1. **Select (āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ)** – āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ/āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ›āĻžāχ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
2. **Record (āύāĻĨāĻŋāϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ)** – āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāĻĒāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϚāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟ āĻŦāĻž āĻĄāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
3. **Examine (āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ)** – āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
4. **Develop (āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ)** – āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϧāĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
5. **Evaluate (āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ)** – āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ“ āĻĒ⧁āϰāύ⧋ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
6. **Define (āĻŽāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ)** – āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
7. **Install (āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—)** – āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
8. **Maintain (āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ)** – āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāϜāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻ“ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

22/09/2025

**Work Study** āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:

Work Study is a systematic technique used in Industrial Engineering to improve productivity and efficiency. It has two main parts:

1. **Method Study** – Finding the best way of doing a job.
2. **Work Measurement** – Determining the standard time required to do a job.

The main objective of Work Study is to increase output, reduce cost, and utilize resources effectively by eliminating unnecessary work and setting standard performance levels.

**āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ:**

**āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ (Work Study)** āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧈āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āϝāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ⧇ (Industrial Engineering) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤ:

1. **āĻŽā§‡āĻĨāĻĄ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ (Method Study)** – āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŽ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
2. **āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŽā§‡āϜāĻžāϰāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ (Work Measurement)** – āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ•āϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ, āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

09/12/2019

Direct labor productivity:
It is the quantity of product or services produced by unit worker .

09/12/2019

Production versus productivity:
production generally refers to activities that convert resources into product or services while productivity is related with how speedily products or services are produced.

03/11/2019

How to make your enterprise productive .
productivity is a frequently talked about phrase in any production oriented enterprise. Destiny of an organization eventually depends upon quality & productivity . Many people conceive of productivity as an entity separate from quality. Productivity actually always encompasses quality .there is actually no meaning of high productivity if the products or services produced are of second quality . it is also unwise rather harmful to view productivity as activities related to production department alone . Productivity related to all activities in the enterprise .

01/11/2019

Values and teachings comprise the following :
1.The rule of reason.
2.Improve quality
3. Lower costs
4. Higher wages
5.Higher output
6.Labor management cooperation
7. Experimentation
8.Clear task and goal
9. Feedback
10. Training
11. Mutual help and support
12. Stress reduction and
13.The careful selection and development of people

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