21/08/2026
The fairest rule you will ever write is the one you write before you know who you are.
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John Rawls published A Theory of Justice in 1971 and reset the argument about fairness. The reigning answer before him was utilitarian: a just society maximises total welfare, and if a minority gets flattened along the way, the sums still come out clean. Rawls found that monstrous. People are separate from one another, and no surplus happiness over here repays a wrecked life over there.
So he stopped arguing and built a machine. Picture the people who have to write the rules of a society from scratch. He calls that the original position. Then he strips them of everything personal. You do not know your class, your talents, your health, your religion, your s*x, your century. General knowledge stays. Your biography goes. That is the veil of ignorance, a device for manufacturing impartiality by deleting the self that would otherwise rig the result.
Now pick the rules, knowing you could land anywhere. Self-interest quietly turns into justice, because you protect the worst position in case it is the one you wake up in. Two principles fall out. Everyone gets the same basic liberties, and nobody sells them off for prosperity. Inequality earns its licence only when it improves the lot of the people at the bottom, which he calls the difference principle.
Underneath sits one blunt observation. Nobody earned their starting position, and a society paying out according to arbitrary luck is a lottery calling itself a meritocracy.
Rawls never pretended he had deduced this from an axiom either. His method shuttles between the principles and our hardest convictions until they stop contradicting each other, an endpoint he calls reflective equilibrium.
Every argument you have heard about who deserves what was made by somebody who already knew what they had. Take that knowledge away and almost none of them survive. Behind the veil you have no idea whether you surface as the whale or as the krill. Rawls' whale of ignorance: the biggest and most inconvenient animal in political philosophy.